Changes in the Sub~antarctic in the Modern Era of Science and Environmental Consciousness

"llris paper defines the "modern era of science and environmental consciousness" both in a sense and, more specifically, when applied to rhe sub--Antarctic It describes some changes occurring in the sub-Antarctic terrestrial biomc including climate change and the introduction of non-indigenous 'Ihree case studies arc presented that demonstrate how important these changes are in the context of long-rerm natural climate and environmental variability. Finally, the role of science and environmental consciousnesses in informing future management of the sub-Antarctic islands is considered.